SEPTEMBER 22:

1538 Paris France - Jacques Cartier receives 50 écus d'or for the instruction of the Indians.

1653 Quebec Quebec - Marguerite Bourgeoys 1620-1700 lands at Quebec with de Maisonneuve and 100 soldiers to defend Montreal against the Iroquois; Bourgeoys intends to start a school in Montreal, but finds not enough children of school age because of heavy infant mortality.

September 22, 1711: The Tuscarora Indians, under Chief Hancock, join the Coree, Pamlico, Machapunga and Bear River Indians in an attack on the white settlements on the Trent and Pamlico Rivers in North Carolina. Almost 130 white adults, and half that many children will be killed. The war will spring from whites settling in Indian lands, and Indian retaliations. A Swiss promoter, Baron Christoph von Graffenried had ordered the Indians removed, when he had discovered them on lands he had obtained from the Crown, at New Bern, in western North Carolina.
 

1731 Crown Point, NY - Governor Marquis de Beauharnois starts building Fort St-Frédéric at Pointe la Chevelure (Crown Point) at the foot of Lake Champlain; small stockade for a garrison of only 30 men; replaced in 1736 by a limestone fort for 120 men; by 1742 the largest French fortress outside Quebec, and a centre for the Indian trade with the Abenakis of the St. Francis, the Arundacks of the Ottawa, and the Wyandots of the west.

1874 Saskatchewan - Northwest Mounted Police estimate the Plains buffalo herd at one million animals; the last great herd moving south into the United States to be annihilated.

1877  Blackfoot Crossing, Alberta - Chief Crowfoot (Isapo-Muxica) 1936-1890 leads the Blackfoot-speaking peoples - the Siksika (Blackfoot), Piikani (Peigan) and the Kainai (Blood), along with their allies the Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee) and their old adversaries the Nakoda (Stoney) - in a meeting with Commissioner David Laird and Lt-Col James MacLeod of the NWMP to make Treaty #7, at So-yo-pow-ahx-ko (Ridge Under Water), today's Blackfoot Crossing. Canada's last major first nations treaty is signed the following day; sets aside reserves of 69,039 sq km in the land south of Red Deer River and beside the Rocky Mountains; provides $12 per Indian; schools; farm instruction, social benefits.

1976 Calgary Alberta - Premier Peter Lougheed opened the new Glenbow Centre, housing the Glenbow Museum, Art Gallery, Library, and Archives; $9 million facility opens with exhibit of western Canadian contemporary art, displays of First Nations cultures, pioneer artifacts, and military history

1992 Saskatoon Saskatchewan - Brian Mulroney 1939- signs land claim deal with Premier Romanow and Federation of Saskatchewan Indians; bands to acquire up to 670,000 hectares in lands entitled under treaties. 
 

BACKGROUND:
 

From http://tuscaroras.com/pages/tuscwarN.html
 

The Tuscaroras, related to the Iroquois, lived in north Carolina, where they maintained friendly relations with the colonists. Trouble began when the white settlers began to take advantage of the Tuscaroras, encroaching on their farmland, cheating them in trades, and in some cases kidnapping and selling their children into slavery. In retaliation, Tuscarora warriors, under Chief Hancock, raided white villages in 1711. The war quickly escalated. In a final standoff, Colonel James Moore led his men, aided by Yamasee Indians, into the Tuscarora village of Neoheroka in 1713, killing and capturing one thousand inhabitants. Many were then sold into slavery to finance the war effort. The surviving Tuscaroras migrated to New York, where in 1722 they became the sixth nation in the Iroquois League.
 

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>From http://www4.coastalnet.com/newbern/townhistory.htm
 

New Bern, the second oldest town in North Carolina, was settled in 1710 by German Palatine and Swiss colonists led by Baron Christophe von Graffenried. He purchased the land from the Tuscarora Indians who had a small settlement here known as Chattawka, an Indian word said to mean,"where the fish are taken out."

Named for the city of Bern, Switzerland, the town was located on the triangle of land where the Neuse and Trent rivers meet. This is called the confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. The original settlers suffered with the climate, a lack of provisions and supplies, diseases and Indian problems. Von Graffenried and the surveyor, John Lawson, were taken prisoner by the Indians. Lawson was burned at the stake, but von Graffenried was spared. Once the war with the Tuscarora Indians was ended, New Bernians looked to the natural resources for their support. Tar, pitch and turpentine along with other native products loaded down ships bound for England, New England and the West Indies. The ships would return with rum, molasses, sugar and manufactured goods.

When King Charles II had been restored to the English throne in 1660, he issued a "Carolina Charter" granting eight of his loyal supporters(they were called the Lords Proprietor) wide areas of land in the New World. The area spread from Virginia to the Spanish border of Florida and from the Atlantic Ocean to the "South Seas" or the Pacific Ocean. It was called Carolina from the word, "Carolus", the Latin word for Charles- in honor of the King. William, Earl of Craven, was one of the original Lords Proprietor, and it is from his family name that Craven County got its name. New Bern became the seat of the Craven Precinct (now county) in 1722.
 

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>From http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/colonial_america/33929
 

Settlement in North Carolina occurred more slowly than in her neighboring colonies of Virginia and South Carolina. Eventually however, colonists overflowed from Virginia into the Albermarle area of northeast North Carolina around 1650. In 1663, Charles II of England (whom the Carolinas were named after) granted a charter to eight Englishmen which set the boundaries of the colony. The Englishmen were called the Lord Proprietors and effectively controlled the colony.

In the early 18th century, the area inland of Albermarle was settled primarily by the Tuscarora Indians, who initially got along with the colonists. However, their tolerance wore thin after years of neglect on the part of the colonists. Traders would often provide liquor to the Indians before debauching them, Indians were sometimes kidnapped into slavery, and they were continuously subject to settlers squatting on their land.

Finally, in 1711, the Tuscarora reached their breaking point. At the invitation of the colonial government, Baron Christoph von Graffenreid arrived with a colony of several hundred Swiss and took over a large tract of land without the permission of the Tuscarora. In retaliation, the Tuscarora massacred over 200 colonists who were settled between the Neuse River and the Pamlico Sound. Graffenreid was captured but released in the raid. Settlers flocked to the town of Bath and the colony was almost emptied. Governor Hyde appealed to both Virginia and South Carolina for help. In early 1712, Col. John Barnwell arrived from South Carolina with an army of Yamasee and Catawba Indians to assist the colonists.
 

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The Coree (from http://www.dickshovel.com/coreewho.html)

At the eastern end of the Neuse River, the Corees (the Cwarennocs of the Raleigh colonist, who were once masters of the entire Coree Land we now know as Currytuck and North Carolina's Outer Banks, through the Coronaka of South Carolina to the Savannah River) and the more inland Neusioks sept of these people prevented the military encroachment of the Tuscaroras to any great extent south of the Neuse or east of Bay River. In fact, the Tuscaroras found the coastal Coree resistance so formidable, they willingly entered into a treaty and alliance with the colonial government to restrict their territorial claims to the area between the Pamlico River and the Neuse River. That is, after the English-authorized colonists had claimed all the territory northeast of the mouth of the Pamlico, as indicated in Colonial Records of North Carolina 1713-1728, Vol. 2, p. 140.