.
FEBRUARY 18:

February 18, 1867: The Sac and Fox sign a treaty (15 stat.495). They sell much of what remains of their reservation.
 

BACKGROUND:

From http://www.cowboy.net/native/sacnfox.html
 

The Asakiwaki (Sauk) and Meshkwahkihaki (Mesquakie/Fox) are Algonquin-speaking peoples originally from the northeastern United States. Asakiwaki means "people of the yellow earth" and Meshkwahkihawi means "people of the red earth". These two distinct Native American nations are united in Oklahoma as the Sac and Fox Nation.

Oral history tells the tribe originated near the Saint Lawrence Seaway in Canada. Following the settlement and invasion of Europeans on the east coast, which also resulted in pressures from other Native nations, the Sauk moved from near Saginaw Bay in Michigan to Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Saukenuk located at the convergence of the Rock and Mississippi Rivers, and then forcibly removed to Iowa and Kansas. The fight to keep the homeland at Saukenuk resulted in a war forced on Black Hawk. This was the last war which Native American fought for their homelands east of the Mississippi.

Removal from the land from which the Woodlands nations evolved has drastically affected the knowledge and practice of the tribe's language, traditions, original teachings, ceremonies, ways of life, and relationship to the natural world.

Many children, now in the fourth generation since this removal, do not feel connected to their origins. Yet the history as woodland people is defined by the land of the North. When the government removed the tribe from its homelands and way of life, the government began a policy of "Civilizing" the natives to a European lifestyle, and tried to destroy the Sac and Fox lifeway.

The Sac and Fox Agency was a way to introduce the tribe's ancestors to "modern farming". Education by "mission schools" brought Christianity. The Sac and Fox were always forbidden to speak their native language and the practice of traditional religion was condemned. Historic clan leadership was replaced with a constitutional government.

Throughout this time, the original thread of Sac and Fox life, which connects the tribe to the heart of who they are as a people, has continued.

The Sac and Fox culture is based upon respect for the life within themselves, their families, their communities, and all of creation. The Creator gave this way of life to the Sac and Fox people. The culture is the way things are done in relation to each other and all of creation. The Sac and Fox way of life is spiritually-based. They seek the guidance of the Creator in how to live. The oldest continuing religious practices are ceremonies like clan feasts, namings, adoptions, and burials. More recent religious practices include the Drum Dance, the Native American Church and Christianity.

Language is the Sac and Fox expression of how they see the world. The languages of the Sac and Fox contain the accumulated knowledge of all their ancestors. Although the punishment for speaking their native language at the Sac and Fox Agency School meant a loss of identity for several generations of the tribe, the language and culture continues. Several efforts are currently underway to enliven the identity of the Sac and Fox as peoples.

The Sac and Fox continue to express the teachings of their ancestors at work and at play. The creative arts and crafts, sports and games, the ceremonial and traditional ways are a strong and natural part of their everyday life. The community comes together as families, clans, and social groups often and with enthusiasm.

Originally, the Sac and Fox were governed by a clan system. Clans which continue are: Fish, Ocean, Thunder, Bear, Fox, Bear Potato, Deer, Beaver, Snow and Wolf. This traditional manner of selecting chiefs and governing themselves was forcibly replaced by United States appointees and an constitution patterned after the American form.

Sac and Fox governments, traditional and new, have been challenged with threats to the sovereignty of the Nation over lands, resources, and the people's welfare. In 1832 Black Hawk defended the peoples' right to their homeland. Keokuk complied with U.S. demands to move "west of the Missouri Territory". In 1869 the Mokohoko Band led by Chief Pashepaho fought to remain in Kansas until the late 1880's.

Recent tribal leadership has defended the right of the Sac and Fox Nation to tax businesses, issue license plates, protect sovereign control over lands, resources, and govern according to Sac and Fox modern law. Each generation is presented with new challenges to insure the best interest of future generations.
 

*****
 

An excerpt from Lee Sultzman's detailed text, at http://www.dickshovel.com/sf.html
 

The Fox and the Sauk were so closely associated that these two distinct tribes are usually considered to have been a single tribe. Although joined in very close alliance after 1734, the Fox and the Sauk maintained separate traditions and chiefs. This was very apparent when Fox and Sauk chiefs at the insistence of the United States were forced to sign the same treaty. However, the signatures always appear in distinct two groupings, one for the Fox and the other for the Sauk. Both tribes have been described as extremely individualistic and warlike, although the "warlike" might come as a surprise to the whites in Iowa who have lived in peace next to the Fox for the last 130 years. But the "individualistic" part of this description might ring a bell or two. Both the Fox and the Sauk had a strong sense of tribal identity and were never reluctant to chose their own path. The French found both tribes independent and very difficult to control.

Otherwise, in most other ways, the Fox and Sauk closely resembled the other Algonquin tribes in the Great Lakes. Descent was traced through their patrilineal clans: Bear, Beaver, Deer, Fish, Fox, Ocean, Potato, Snow, Thunder, and Wolf. Politically, the Fox and Sauk had more central organization than with other Algonquin which probably was a reflection of the many wars they had fought. The tribal councils of their chiefs wielded considerable authority. Fox and Sauk chiefs fell into three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial. Only the position of civil chief was hereditary - the others determined by demonstrated ability or spiritual power. Agriculture provided most of their diet: corn, beans, squash, and tobacco, and the women were considered the owners of their fields. One important difference between the Fox and Sauk and neighboring tribes was they usually maintained large villages during the winter. Otherwise their housing was typical for the region. Large communal buffalo hunts, especially after they acquired horses in the 1760s, were conducted in the fall and provided much of their meat during winter, but like other Great Lakes Algonquin, when the Fox or Sauk wanted to hold a real feast for an honored guest, the main course was dog meat from which the expression "putting on the dog" has come.

It should be noted that the Fox were the only Algonquin tribe to fight a war with the French (actually, two wars). The French enjoyed good relations with every other Algonquin tribe in the Great Lakes (including the Sauk), but the Fox were antagonistic from the moment of their first meeting with the French. It seems likely that the Fox had taken the brunt of the fighting in Michigan with French trading partners during the 1630s and 40s and were well-aware where the steel weapons used against them had come from. Famous Sauk chiefs were Keokuk, Wapello, and Blackhawk. Keokuk has an Iowa city named after him and is the only Native American ever honored with a bronze bust in the U.S. Capitol. His likeness has also appeared on American currency. The famous Olympian Jim Thorpe (Wathohuck or Bright Star) was a Sauk/Potawatomi.